Anal Cancer

The symptoms of anal cancer are similar to those of haemorrhoids, making them easy to overlook. The following are signs of anal cancer:

• Rectal bleeding
• Itching in or around the rectum
• Lump or mass near the anal opening
• Pain or a feeling of fullness in the anal area
• Narrowing of stools or other changes in bowel habits
• Abnormal discharge from the anus
• Fecal incontinence (loss of bowel control)
• Enlarged lymph nodes in the anal or groin area

The exact cause of anal cancer is still unknown, but certain factors increase the risk of developing cancer:

Many cases of anal cancer can be detected early because early-stage symptoms are noticeable, such as the mentioned rectal bleeding. Unfortunately, some anal cancers may only cause symptoms in advanced stages, potentially delaying diagnosis. When a doctor suspects a patient may have anal cancer, the following examinations are conducted for a more accurate assessment:

According to the American Cancer Society, anal cancer can be categorized into the following types:

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma — Arises from the squamous cells lining most of the anal canal and the anal margin.
• Basal Cell Carcinoma — A type of skin cancer that can develop in the skin around the anus.
• Melanoma — Originates from cells in the skin or the inner lining of the anus.
• Adenocarcinoma — Originates from cells near the rectum in the upper part of the anus, glands beneath the anal mucosa, or apocrine glands (a type of sweat gland in the skin around the anus).

While anal cancer is relatively rare, there has been an increasing trend in recent years. Anal cancer is uncommon in individuals under 35, and the likelihood of developing it increases with age, with an average age of diagnosis around 60 years old.

Factors determining the staging of anal cancer include the tumour's size, whether it has spread, and if it has invaded more distant body tissues. The specific stages are as follows:

Doctors will determine the treatment plan based on the location, type, and stage of the patient's tumour, considering the patient's age and overall health. The fundamental goal of treatment is to preserve the muscles of the anal sphincter, allowing the patient to control bowel movements and maintain overall quality of life.