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Penile Cancer
Clinical OncologyUrology
Penile cancer is a rare malignancy occurring in the tissues of the penis. More than 95% of penile cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which usually develop on the foreskin or glans (head) of the penis but can also appear elsewhere along the penile shaft.
Symptoms
Early penile cancer often presents subtly, with symptoms including:
- Persistent ulcers or sores on the penile skin that don't heal.
- Hard lumps or masses on the foreskin or glans.
- Changes in skin color on the penis or foreskin (reddening or whitening).
- Unusual discharge with foul odor from the penis.
- Persistent penile pain or itching.
- Thickened foreskin or difficulty retracting foreskin (phimosis).
- Swelling of inguinal (groin) lymph nodes.
Causes
The exact causes of penile cancer remain unclear, but it is strongly associated with:
- Infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18.
- Chronic inflammation or recurrent infections of the foreskin (balanitis) or penis.
- Poor personal hygiene, especially in uncircumcised men with long-term accumulation of smegma.
- Smoking, which significantly increases cancer risk.
- Compromised immune system (e.g., HIV/AIDS patients, organ transplant recipients).
- Chronic irritation or repetitive injuries to penile skin.
Risk Factors
- HPV infection (one of the most decisive risk factors)
- Being uncircumcised (not having undergone circumcision)
- Older age (increased risk in men aged 50 or older)
- Smoking
- Poor penile hygiene
- Multiple sexual partners and unsafe sexual practices
- History of immunosuppression (such as HIV infection or other immune disorders)
Diagnosis
Doctors diagnose penile cancer using:
- Clinical Examination: Inspection of penile lesions, ulcers, lumps, and inguinal lymph nodes.
- Biopsy: Taking a tissue sample from the lesion for pathological evaluation to confirm diagnosis and tumor type.
- Imaging Tests: Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), or Computerized Tomography (CT) scans to assess the spread of cancer to lymph nodes or other organs.
- Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB): Checking the first lymph node to which cancer cells are likely to spread aids in staging and treatment decisions.
Treatments
Treatment plans depend on the cancer stage, size, and location. Common methods include:
Surgical Treatment |
|
Radiotherapy | Radiation may be offered as an alternative to surgery or as an adjunct therapy post-surgery. |
Chemotherapy | Used when cancer has spread, providing systemic treatment to control the disease. |
Post-treatment, reconstructive surgery and psychological support may be necessary to restore quality of life.
Yes, circumcision significantly reduces the risk, especially when performed in childhood.
Not necessarily. Early-stage cancers typically only require local excision. Extensive surgery is considered in more advanced or aggressive cases.
Yes, if diagnosed early and treated appropriately, penile cancer can often be cured. However, survival rates decrease substantially in advanced stages.
Practicing good personal hygiene, avoiding high-risk sexual behaviors, receiving HPV vaccination, and quitting smoking can significantly lower the risk.
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