Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

• Rashes: Commonly a butterfly-shaped rash on the face, but can appear on other areas.
• Joint Pain and Swelling: Primarily affects small joints.
• Fatigue: Persistent feeling of tiredness.
• Fever: Unexplained fever.
• Photosensitivity: Sensitivity to sunlight, with rashes developing after exposure.
• Kidney Issues: These include nephritis, which presents as proteinuria or haematuria.
• Other: Mouth ulcers, chest pain, difficulty breathing, pericarditis, and psychological symptoms.

Causes

The exact cause of SLE is not fully understood and may involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors:

• Genetic: Increased risk in individuals with a family history.
• Environmental: Triggers such as infections and ultraviolet light exposure.
• Hormonal: Higher incidence in females suggests a hormonal role.

Risk Factors

• Gender: Higher risk in females.
• Age: Commonly develops between ages 15 and 45.
• Family History: Increased risk with a family history of lupus or other autoimmune diseases.
• Environmental Factors: Sun exposure, certain medications, and infections.

• Medical History and Physical Examination: Comprehensive medical history and physical examination assessment.
• Blood Tests: Tests for antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, anti-Smith (Sm) antibodies, etc.
• Urine Tests: To assess kidney function.
• Imaging Studies: X-rays, ultrasound, or CT scans to evaluate affected organs.
• Tissue Biopsy: For example, kidney biopsy.

Medications:

• Antimalarials: For mild symptoms, such as hydroxychloroquine.
• Immunosuppressants: Azathioprine and cyclophosphamide are used for moderate to severe disease.
• Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): To relieve joint pain and inflammation.
• Corticosteroids, Such as prednisone, are used for acute flares.
• Biologics: Biologics, such as belimumab, are used for specific patients.

Lifestyle Changes:

• Avoid Sun Exposure: Use sunscreen and protective clothing.
• Regular Exercise: To maintain physical strength and joint flexibility.
• Healthy Diet: Balanced diet to reduce inflammation.
• Quit Smoking: To prevent adverse effects on the immune system.
• Psychological Support: Counselling or support groups to help manage stress and anxiety.