Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Rheumatology

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the body's tissues and organs, leading to widespread inflammation and tissue damage.

Symptoms

  • Rashes: Commonly a butterfly-shaped rash on the face, but can appear on other areas.
  • Joint Pain and Swelling: Primarily affects small joints.
  • Fatigue: Persistent feeling of tiredness.
  • Fever: Unexplained fever.
  • Photosensitivity: Sensitivity to sunlight, with rashes developing after exposure.
  • Kidney Issues: These include nephritis, which presents as proteinuria or haematuria.
  • Other: Mouth ulcers, chest pain, difficulty breathing, pericarditis, and psychological symptoms.

Causes and Factors

Causes

The exact cause of SLE is not fully understood and may involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors:

  • Genetic: Increased risk in individuals with a family history.
  • Environmental: Triggers such as infections and ultraviolet light exposure.
  • Hormonal: Higher incidence in females suggests a hormonal role.

Risk Factors

  • Gender: Higher risk in females.
  • Age: Commonly develops between ages 15 and 45.
  • Family History: Increased risk with a family history of lupus or other autoimmune diseases.
  • Environmental Factors: Sun exposure, certain medications, and infections.

Diagnosis

  • Medical History and Physical Examination: Comprehensive medical history and physical examination assessment.
  • Blood Tests: Tests for antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, anti-Smith (Sm) antibodies, etc.
  • Urine Tests: To assess kidney function.
  • Imaging Studies: X-rays, ultrasound, or CT scans to evaluate affected organs.
  • Tissue Biopsy: For example, kidney biopsy.

Treatments

Medications:

  • Antimalarials: For mild symptoms, such as hydroxychloroquine.
  • Immunosuppressants: Azathioprine and cyclophosphamide are used for moderate to severe disease.
  • Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): To relieve joint pain and inflammation.
  • Corticosteroids, Such as prednisone, are used for acute flares.
  • Biologics: Biologics, such as belimumab, are used for specific patients.

Lifestyle Changes:

  • Avoid Sun Exposure: Use sunscreen and protective clothing.
  • Regular Exercise: To maintain physical strength and joint flexibility.
  • Healthy Diet: Balanced diet to reduce inflammation.
  • Quit Smoking: To prevent adverse effects on the immune system.
  • Psychological Support: Counselling or support groups to help manage stress and anxiety.

FAQ

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that cannot be cured entirely. However, with appropriate treatment and management, many patients can effectively control the condition, reduce symptoms and complications, and lead an everyday life. Treatment aims to reduce disease activity, prevent organ damage, and improve the quality of life.

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HEAL Medical

1331, 13th Floor, Central Building, 1-3 Pedder Street, Central, Hong Kong
Mon - Fri 8:30am - 5:30pm
Sat 9:00am - 1:00pm
Sun & Public Holidays Closed
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HEAL Oncology

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Sat 9:00am - 1:00pm
Sun & Public Holidays Closed
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HEAL Aesthetic

1333, 13th Floor, Central Building, 1-3 Pedder Street, Central, Hong Kong
Mon - Fri 10:00am - 8:00pm
Sat 10:00am - 4:00pm
Sun & Public Holidays Closed
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HEAL Fertility

HEAL Fertility

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