PhD Michelle LAW Pui Man

Menstrual cycle and abnormal bleeding refer to variations in the length, flow, or duration of the menstrual cycle outside the normal range. Irregular menstrual cycles may include intervals between periods that are too long or too short, excessively heavy or light periods, and intermittent bleeding between periods. Abnormal uterine bleeding may involve bleeding outside of the menstrual period.

Dysmenorrhea, also known as menstrual cramps or period pain, refers to the abdominal pain experienced by women during menstruation. This pain may be accompanied by lower back pain, headaches, nausea, diarrhoea, and other symptoms, and its severity and duration vary from person to person. Dysmenorrhea is a prevalent symptom that affects the quality of life of many menstruating women.

Endometriosis is a condition where the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus and can cause pain, irregular periods and fertility problems in women. The most common places for the growths to appear are the ovaries, pelvis and abdomen, and if it affects the ovaries, it can cause cysts known as "chocolate cysts". Although there is no cure for endometriosis, symptoms can be managed with medication or surgery.

In medical terms, infertility refers to the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. This definition applies to women under the age of 35. For women aged 35 and older, the medical community typically recommends seeking professional help if pregnancy has not been achieved within six months due to the decline in fertility with age.

Pregnancy is about 40 weeks and labor is divided into labor and placenta delivery.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disease affect the female reproductive system. Excessive male hormones are produced by the ovaries. As a result, patients may suffer from irregular period, difficulties in ovulation and reproductively challenged.

Vaginal Itching refers to the itching sensation in the external genital area of women, which may be accompanied by other symptoms such as redness, burning sensation, increased discharge, or an unusual odour. Various factors, including infections, skin inflammation, allergic reactions, hormonal changes, etc, can cause Vaginal Itching.